Observing individuals around us often reveal their unique personalities. Some are talkative, quiet, active, or anxious, while others prefer to sit on the sofa. These adjectives, such as “talkative,” “quiet,” “active,” or “anxious,” describe a person’s distinguishing characteristics, such as their chattiness, quietness, or worry. These adjectives help us understand and appreciate the differences in people’s personalities.
Roberts, & Mroczek, (2008) assert that personality traits are long-lasting patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that differentiate individuals from one another. Roberts & Mroczek (2008) contends that personality traits continue to develop in adulthood due to the relatively enduring nature of personality traits. Birt (2023) espoused personality traits as unique characteristics and qualities that define an individual, often developed throughout life and often remain consistent across various situations and circumstances. Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that indicate consistency and stability, such as being sociable in different situations and over time, indicating a person’s uniqueness (Diener, Lucas and Cummings, 2019). Personality traits are unique traits that shape an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour patterns, which are stable over time and can impact their interactions, approach to challenges, and perception of the world.
Personality traits are formed through multiple factors and as indicated by several theories, for instance, social cognitive theory suggests that personality formation occurs through observing others’ behaviours, leading to adaptation and assimilation, especially if rewarded, and serves as a bridge between behaviour-focused and cognition-focused personality theories. Gordon Willard Allport’s trait theory posits that personality is a set of unique characteristics within an individual, categorised into cardinal, central, and secondary traits, which help express their individuality. Abraham Maslow, in the 1950s, developed humanistic theory, focusing on understanding the conscious mind and personality in their normal states. He believed psychoanalytic theory was flawed and emphasised the importance of self-excellence. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs model suggests that as people meet their basic needs, they are replaced with increasingly complex ones, highlighting the importance of understanding the conscious mind and personality in their normal states. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, believed that personality reflects the unconscious mind’s workings. He divided personality into three sections: Id, Ego, and Superego. Id is responsible for instincts, urges, and temperaments, located in the unconscious mind. The ego, also known as the “self,” helps the Id achieve its goals through judgment, and the Superego is responsible for morality and pride, both in the conscious and unconscious mind.
Criminal behaviour refers to harmful, threatening, or disruptive actions that violate the law. It can range from minor offences like traffic violations to more serious offences like assault, theft, or murder. It is often influenced by individual, social, and environmental factors, such as poverty, substance abuse, mental illness, lack of education or job opportunities, and exposure to violence or trauma (Mckee, 2023). Criminal behaviour is a multifaceted issue that involves activities that violate societal laws and norms, causing harm to individuals, communities, and the social fabric. Understanding it requires examining biological, psychological, and sociological influences. While individual differences and personal characteristics are important, criminal behaviour is not solely determined by inherent traits but is a result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and situational factors. Lee (2023) argues that existing criminological theories propose necessary conditions for criminal behaviour, but they are not sufficient. These theories cannot explain all criminal behaviours and have theoretical limitations. Criminal behaviour does not always occur, even when the elements for causing it are given, due to unpredictable factors like contingency. As the world is constantly changing, the same conditions cannot exist, and criminal behaviour does not exist. This is why criminals do not always commit crimes, regardless of their criminality or opportunities, and why criminal behaviour cannot be accurately predicted.
How Children Develop Criminal Behaviour
Mckee (2023) argues that individual factors, such as personality traits and genetics, can influence criminal behaviour. Some individuals may be more impulsive, aggressive, or antisocial, increasing their likelihood of engaging in such behaviour. Genetics may also be associated with an increased risk of criminal behaviour, although the relationship between genetics and criminal behaviour is complex. Social factors, such as growing up in impoverished or disadvantaged environments, may also contribute to criminal behaviour. Social structures perpetuating inequality, discrimination, and marginalization can create a sense of hopelessness and desperation among affected populations. Environmental factors, such as exposure to violence or trauma, may also contribute to criminal behaviour. These factors contribute to the complex and multifaceted nature of criminal behaviour. In a snapshot, children may develop criminal behaviour due to various interrelated factors, including biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. Understanding these factors can offer valuable insights into the development of criminal behaviour in children.
Biological Factors
Genetic predispositions, neurological abnormalities, and brain chemistry imbalances can increase the risk of aggressive and impulsive behaviour in children, leading to criminal acts. While biology is just one factor, certain biological influences have been linked to an increased risk of delinquent or criminal behaviour in children.
Genetic predispositions, neurological abnormalities, and prenatal and early childhood factors can all contribute to criminal behaviour in children. Genetic factors can influence brain structure, neurotransmitter function, and emotion regulation. Neurological abnormalities, such as deficits in executive functioning, impulse control, and emotional regulation, can increase the risk of criminal behaviour. Brain chemistry imbalances, particularly involving neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, have been linked to criminal conduct. Prenatal exposure to substances, maternal stress, malnutrition, and other adverse experiences can also influence neurological development and increase the risk of behavioural problems and criminal behaviour in children.
It is worth noting that biological influences do not solely determine criminal behaviour; they interact with environmental, social, and psychological factors. Early intervention, support, and targeted interventions can help mitigate the impact of biological influences on a child’s criminal behaviour development, ensuring a balanced approach to addressing risk factors.
Family Environment
Children raised in abusive or dysfunctional families may exhibit criminal behaviour due to exposure to violence, neglect, and lack of positive role models. Parental criminality and inconsistent discipline can also contribute to the development of criminal behaviour. The family environment, including parenting styles, family dynamics, and exposure to violence, significantly influences a child’s behaviour and risk of engaging in delinquent or criminal acts.
Parenting approaches that are authoritarian, negligent, or lax, marked by a lack of warmth, inconsistent discipline, or severe punishment, can cause behavioural issues and raise the likelihood of criminal activity. Also due to genetic, contextual, and social learning impacts, children who have parents or close family members with a criminal past are more likely to engage in similar behaviours, a situation properly coined as parental criminality.
Children who grow up in environments where there is marital violence, family strife, or dysfunctional family dynamics may become aggressive or antisocial, which raises their chance of committing crimes. Similarly, when there is no parental supervision, children may be more likely to participate in harmful or illegal activities, which can result in delinquent behaviour. It is generally argued that financial instability and poverty are examples of socioeconomic stresses that can cause emotional discomfort and behavioural problems in children, which raises the risk that they will engage in criminal or delinquent behaviour.
It is possible to significantly reduce the likelihood that children may acquire criminal behaviour by addressing family-related risk factors and offering assistance to families through parenting classes, family therapy, and social services.
Peer Influence
Because of social learning and peer pressure, kids who hang out with troubled kids or participate in deviant peer groups may end up becoming criminals. Through the dynamics of peer relationships, socialisation, and the effect of peer groups, peer influence has a huge impact on how criminal behaviour develops in youngsters by influencing their attitudes, behaviours, and choices.
To counteract peer pressure, one must encourage wholesome relationships, strong social ties, and mentorship and socialisation chances. Resilience, social skills, and constructive interactions-focused interventions help lessen the detrimental effects on kids’ behaviour and overall well-being.
Psychological Factors
Children with psychological vulnerabilities, such as conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, may be at a higher risk for developing criminal behaviour due to the significant influence of emotional, cognitive, and behavioural factors on their development and propensity to engage in delinquent or criminal activities.
Children with difficulties in impulse control, emotional regulation, and coping skills may be more prone to engaging in impulsive, aggressive, or criminal acts. They may also lack effective emotional regulation and coping skills, which can lead to delinquent behaviour as a coping mechanism for stress, frustration, or negative emotions. Cognitive distortions, such as rationalizing criminal behaviour or minimizing the consequences of illegal actions, can increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal acts. High levels of hostility and aggression may also increase the risk of violent or aggressive behaviours. Low empathy and remorse can also contribute to a child’s willingness to engage in harmful or criminal behaviours. Adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma or abuse, can increase the risk of developing psychological issues that can lead to criminal behaviour. Mental health disorders, such as conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or substance use disorders, can also significantly elevate the risk of delinquent and criminal behaviour in children.
Socioeconomic Factors
Children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, such as those with poverty, limited education, or living in high-crime areas, may be exposed to risk factors linked to criminal behaviour. The environment they grow up in, including family status, neighbourhood conditions, and resource access, significantly influences their attitudes, behaviours, and opportunities.
Low-income children may face limited access to mental health services, counselling, and other resources, which can increase their risk of delinquent behaviour due to their emotional, behavioural, and psychological challenges.
Children in impoverished environments face limited opportunities in education, recreation, and employment, increasing their likelihood of engaging in delinquent or criminal activities. Additionally, living in neighbourhoods with high crime rates, violence, and social disorganization increases exposure to criminal influences and the risk of engaging in delinquent behaviours. These factors contribute to a higher risk of criminal behaviour among children.
Socioeconomic factors can affect a child’s access to quality education, leading to lower academic achievement and an increased risk of delinquent activities. Children from low-income households may be more exposed to substance abuse and addiction, increasing the likelihood of criminal behaviour. Additionally, they may lack positive role models, mentors, and pro-social influences, affecting their socialization and increasing the risk of delinquent behaviour. Therefore, addressing these socioeconomic factors is crucial for a child’s well-being.
Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can significantly impact children’s development and criminal behaviour. These experiences can disrupt normal brain development, leading to difficulties in emotional regulation, impulse control, and decision-making, increasing the risk of engaging in impulsive or aggressive acts. Psychological distress, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can also contribute to maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse or aggressive behaviour. Disrupted attachment and relationships can also be a factor, as children may struggle to form secure attachments and develop healthy relationships with caregivers and peers. Maladaptive coping strategies, such as aggression, substance abuse, or self-harm, may be developed to manage emotional distress. Social and emotional regulation challenges can also arise, as children may struggle with emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and difficulties in self-control, which are associated with an increased risk of engaging in delinquent acts. Additionally, exposure to violence and victimization can increase the likelihood of engaging in aggressive or criminal acts as a response to trauma-related stress and fear. Overall, trauma and ACEs can significantly influence children’s development and criminal behaviour.
Lack of Positive Opportunities
Limited access to positive extracurricular activities, education, and employment opportunities can significantly influence children’s criminal behaviour, especially in disadvantaged or impoverished environments. Children may seek alternative means of gratification or income, making them more vulnerable to engaging in delinquent or criminal activities. Therefore, children must have access to constructive opportunities.
It is critical to remember that children’s criminal behaviour development is intricate and diverse and that other components may be present in a given situation in addition to these. To prevent and treat criminal behaviour in children, early intervention, support, and focused therapies that target these risk factors can be extremely important.
Personality trait that triggers criminal behaviour
Many factors can influence criminal behaviour, but the least spoken about is personality traits. As argued by Mckee (2023), some individuals may be more impulsive, aggressive, or antisocial, increasing their likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour. It is important to understand that a person’s personality traits can have a significant impact on their behaviour, including the propensity to engage in criminal activities. It is worth noting, however, that not everyone with such traits becomes a criminal. Certain personality traits may increase the likelihood of someone turning to illegal behaviour, but criminal activity is a complex issue influenced by a variety of factors, including social, environmental, and psychological factors. Therefore, it is not possible to predict criminal behaviour based on a single personality trait, but certain traits have been linked to a higher risk of criminal behaviour. Here are some personality traits that may influence criminal behaviour:
Aggression
Aggression is a dangerous personality trait that can lead to criminal behaviour in several ways. It is important to recognize that aggression can manifest itself in different forms, such as verbal or physical, and can harm others around us. Individuals with high levels of aggression are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour as they often find it challenging to control their impulses, which leads them to resort to violent means to resolve conflicts. In particular, this may apply to those who find it difficult to control their emotions or who have a low threshold for frustration.
Also, people exhibiting elevated aggression levels are prone to pursuing and participating in confrontational or violent pursuits, such as enlisting in gangs or partaking in physical altercations. This behaviour significantly heightens their probability of engaging in criminal activity.
Additionally, those who exhibit high levels of aggressiveness may find it difficult to empathise with others and may be more inclined to disrespect the rights and welfare of others, which increases the likelihood that they would commit crimes without thinking about the repercussions for their victims.
Impulsivity
There are numerous ways in which impulsivity may contribute to criminal behaviour. Impulsivity, a personality trait characterized by acting without considering the consequences, can result in criminal activity through a variety of means. This link has been well-established in academic research and is a topic of interest for many professionals in the field.
Individuals who exhibit high levels of impulsivity tend to act without considering the consequences of their actions. This impulsiveness can often result in reckless behaviour and may lead to criminal activity. This is especially true for individuals who have a low tolerance for frustration or struggle to regulate their emotions effectively.
People with high levels of impulsivity may be more prone to risk-taking behaviours, including drug or gambling usage, which might turn into criminal activity because they may turn to unlawful acts to fund their addictions or get more resources.
High impulsivity people may find it difficult to manage their feelings and impulses, which can result in a lack of self-control and a higher chance of committing crimes like assault or theft.
People who exhibit high levels of impulsivity may be less able to think through the long-term effects of their decisions, which can result in risky and impulsive behaviour that may lead to criminal activities.
Narcissism
People who exhibit narcissistic qualities may be more likely to commit crimes because they may believe they are above the law and may use criminal activity to satisfy their own needs.
People who exhibit narcissistic tendencies often possess an inflated self-perception and a deficiency of empathy towards others. Consequently, they may neglect the rights and welfare of others, which can lead to a higher probability of participating in criminal behaviour, without taking into account the consequences for their victims.
Narcissistic personalities might have an inflated feeling of self-importance and a heightened desire for approval, which can result in controlling and taking action. This might show itself in illegal activity like fraud, deception, or using other people for one’s benefit.
In addition, people with narcissistic qualities might find it difficult to accept failure or criticism, which could result in a lack of self-accountability and a propensity to place the responsibility for their behaviour elsewhere, which could encourage criminal activity.
Low self-control
Studies have shown that criminal behaviour is often associated with a specific personality trait known as low self-control. Individuals who exhibit low self-control often struggle with delaying immediate gratification, considering the long-term consequences of their decisions, and making impulsive choices. This personality trait has been linked to a wide range of criminal activities, including theft, drug abuse, and violent behaviour. Furthermore, it has been found that low self-control is not only a predictor of criminal activity but also a cause, meaning that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour than those without this trait. Low Self–control generally results in impulsive behaviour, risky behaviour, lack of planning and consideration of future outcomes, short-term thinking and difficulty in self-regulation, which ultimately influences criminal behaviour.
Lack of empathy
Lack of empathy, as a personality attribute, can lead to criminal behaviour in a variety of ways. Individuals who lack empathy may struggle to comprehend or care about the feelings and experiences of others, which can lead to disrespect for their rights and well-being, making them more likely to commit crimes without considering the consequences for their victims.
The absence of empathy may lead to a decrease in experiencing shame or sadness for destructive actions, causing individuals to be more inclined to participate in unlawful behaviours without moral or ethical limitations that would dissuade others.
People lacking empathy may struggle to develop meaningful relationships, leading to social isolation and a higher likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour due to the absence of a strong support network or positive influences.
Low Frustration Tolerance
Low tolerance for frustration is a personality trait that hampers an individual’s ability to handle frustration, disappointment, or discomfort. This trait can lead to impulsive reactions and criminal behaviour, as individuals may struggle with emotional regulation and impulse control. They may also lack resilience and problem-solving skills, turning to criminal behaviour to escape or avoid their problems. Additionally, low frustration tolerance can result in a sense of entitlement and a lack of empathy for others, as individuals may believe they deserve immediate satisfaction and engage in criminal behaviour to achieve their goals without considering the impact on others. Therefore, individuals with low frustration tolerance must seek support and develop healthy coping mechanisms to address their frustrations constructively.
Sensation-seeking behaviour
Some individuals possess a strong desire to seek new and exciting experiences, often longing for thrills and risks. This characteristic can occasionally result in involvement in criminal activities, as high-risk pursuits can offer the type of excitement they crave. This inclination towards risk-taking may lead people to partake in unlawful behaviours to fulfil their need for stimulation.
Sensation-seeking conduct is viewed as a personality trait that may heighten the probability of participating in criminal actions. Those who actively pursue new and intense experiences, frequently motivated by a craving for novelty and excitement, may exhibit a range of behaviours that elevate the likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. While individuals with ASPD may be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASPD are criminals, and not all criminals have ASPD.
ASPD is associated with traits such as a lack of empathy, impulsivity, deceitfulness, and a disregard for the safety and well-being of others. These traits can increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour, as individuals with ASPD may have a diminished capacity for understanding and adhering to societal norms and laws.
It is crucial to understand that the relationship between ASPD and criminal behaviour is complex and multifaceted. While some individuals with ASPD may engage in criminal activities, others may not. Additionally, many individuals who engage in criminal behaviour do not have ASPD.
The role of parents and guardians in addressing Personality Traits
Parents and guardians have a significant influence on a child’s personality and behaviour. While many factors may contribute to personality traits linked to criminal behaviour, caregivers can use specific strategies to recognize and reduce these tendencies in children. Here are some suggestions:
Foster a Nurturing and Supportive Environment
It is important to establish a nurturing and supportive environment to address personality traits that may lead to criminal behaviour in children. Parents play a significant role in shaping their children’s development and can employ various strategies to promote positive personality traits and mitigate the risk of criminal behaviour. A child’s emotional well-being depends on having a safe and loving environment. Building strong connections with children can help them develop positive traits like self-esteem, empathy, and social skills. Additionally, a supportive environment can prevent the development of negative traits. Parents can create a supportive environment to address traits that may lead to criminal behaviour in children through;
Positive Parenting Practices: Parents can employ positive discipline techniques to foster their children’s well-being. These techniques involve setting clear and consistent boundaries, using positive reinforcement, and providing guidance and support. Through creating a nurturing and organized home environment, parents can assist their children in developing self-control, empathy, and respect for others. Consequently, this can decrease the chances of impulsive and aggressive behaviour in children.
Open Communication: Encouraging open and honest communication with children can help them build trust and emotional bonds. Parents can create a safe space for their children to share their thoughts, talk about their concerns, and ask for support. This can contribute to the development of strong emotional regulation and coping skills.
Modelling Prosocial Behaviour: Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children’s personalities and values. They act as examples for their children, and their actions can greatly affect their behaviour. By exhibiting positive behaviours such as empathy, conflict resolution skills, and prosocial behaviour, parents can help their children cultivate positive qualities and attitudes. This in turn lowers the likelihood of their children engaging in criminal behaviour.
Building Resilience: Parents play a crucial role in assisting their children in developing resilience. Children can acquire problem-solving skills, adopt a growth mindset, and receive emotional support when they are guided through challenges, setbacks, and adversity. This can aid in building resilience and reducing their vulnerability to the negative traits associated with criminal behaviour.
Encouraging Positive Relationships: Parents can promote positive relationships with their children by encouraging healthy social connections, empathy, and cooperation. This helps develop positive personality traits, reducing the likelihood of delinquent or criminal behaviour and contributes to the formation of a positive character.
Teach and Model Empathy
Empathy may be learnt and cultivated via instruction and modelling. Parents and guardians may help their children develop empathy by teaching them to think about the feelings, perspectives, and needs of others. Engaging in emotional talks, encouraging acts of kindness, and modelling empathetic behaviour can all help to build a more sympathetic attitude towards others. This not only reduces the chance of antisocial behaviour, but also promotes prosocial behaviour, moral growth, and beneficial connections. Parents should focus on teaching empathy because it helps children grasp other people’s views, feelings, and experiences, which leads to a greater awareness of the world around them and lessens the likelihood of criminal behaviour. In specific terms;
Parents can nurture their children’s empathy by encouraging them to consider situations from various perspectives. This promotes a deeper understanding of others’ emotions and viewpoints. Having discussions about different perspectives and prompting children to imagine themselves in others’ shoes can mitigate negative or antisocial behaviour.
Providing a secure and supportive atmosphere for children to communicate their thoughts and feelings will help them develop empathy. Parents may educate their children to understand and empathise with others’ emotions by recognising and accepting their own. This can eventually minimise the risk of participating in behaviours that disregard or damage others’ feelings.
Engaging in acts of kindness and community service as a family can foster empathy and social responsibility in children. Volunteering, helping those in need, and participating in charitable activities can reduce the likelihood of disregarding others’ well-being.
Teach Emotional Regulation and Anger Management
Children must learn to identify and regulate their emotions. Encouraging honest communication and providing children with constructive means of expressing their emotions, such as art projects or dialogue, are crucial. Managing anger and impulsivity can be aided by techniques like deep breathing, counting to ten, or taking a break.
It is critical to teach children emotional control and anger management to address personality characteristics that may contribute to criminal behaviour. Parents or guardians may lessen the chance of impulsive or violent behaviour in children by helping them learn appropriate coping mechanisms for handling their emotions, including frustration and rage. Below are some of the strategies parents can employ to teach emotional regulation and anger management to children to address personality traits that may cause criminal behaviour.
Model Calm and Controlled Behaviour: Parents can be positive role models for their children by demonstrating effective emotional regulation and problem-solving techniques during challenging situations.
Teach Recognizing and Labelling Emotions: Parents can help their children develop emotional intelligence by teaching them to identify and label their emotions, which can improve their emotional management skills and reduce the likelihood of impulsive or aggressive responses.
Practice Relaxation Techniques: Teaching kids relaxation techniques like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness exercises can help them handle stress and anger, and provide useful coping mechanisms when dealing with tough emotions.
Provide Problem-Solving Skills: Teaching children problem-solving abilities can help them deal with disagreements and obstacles constructively. Parents may assist children in identifying issues, developing solutions, and evaluating potential outcomes, allowing them to manage difficult circumstances without resorting to impulsive or violent behaviour.
Promote Prosocial Skills
Promoting positive social behaviour in children can help combat antisocial behaviour. Teaching conflict resolution skills, sharing, collaboration, and respect for others is crucial. Engaging in community service or volunteering helps develop empathy, compassion, and self-reliance. Promoting prosocial skills in children helps manage personality traits that may lead to criminal behaviour. These behaviours benefit society and reduce the likelihood of destructive or illegal behaviour. Parents can develop prosocial skills in children by;
Teaching Empathy and Perspective-Taking: Parents can foster prosocial behaviour in their children by teaching empathy, kindness, compassion, cooperation, and collaboration. By engaging in discussions about others’ experiences and emotions, children can develop a deeper understanding of the impact of their actions on others, reducing the likelihood of engaging in behaviours that disregard or harm others.
Encouraging Kindness and Compassion: Encouraging acts of kindness and compassion can help children develop a sense of social responsibility and empathy, reducing the risk of engaging in behaviours associated with criminality.
Promoting Cooperation and Collaboration: Promoting cooperation and collaboration can also help foster prosocial skills.
Reinforcing Positive Social Norms: Reinforcing positive social norms and values within the family, such as respect, honesty, and fairness, can help children develop prosocial attitudes and reduce the likelihood of engaging in behaviours that violate social norms or harm others.
Providing Opportunities for Community Involvement: Providing opportunities for community involvement, such as community service, volunteering, or charitable activities, can help children develop a sense of social responsibility and empathy.
Monitor Peer Relationships
Monitor children’s peer relationships and their impact. Promote friendships with positive role models and discourage connections with peers involved in delinquent behaviour. Have open conversations with children about peer pressure and provide them with strategies to resist negative influences.
Tracking peer relationships is vital in addressing personality traits that could lead to criminal behaviour in children. Parents or guardians can play a key role in guiding and overseeing their children’s interactions with peers, working to cultivate healthy relationships and minimize the risk of negative influences. Parents can monitor peer relationships to address personality traits that may trigger criminal behaviour in children among many strategies by:
Opening Communication: Encourage open and honest communication with your child about their friends and social interactions, creating a comfortable environment for them to discuss their peer relationships, concerns, and experiences, allowing parents to gain insight and provide guidance when needed.
Getting to Know Your Child’s Friends: Engage in your child’s social circle by getting to know their friends and family, organising home gatherings, participating in group activities, and conversing with them. Building close relationships with the children’s classmates can offer valuable insights into their influences and behaviours.
Monitoring Online and Social Media Activity: It is important to monitor your child’s online interactions and social media use. Keep an eye on their online friends, conversations, and activities to ensure they are engaging in positive and safe interactions. It is also important to educate your child about online safety, cyberbullying, and the potential risks of social media.
Observing Social Interactions: Monitor your child’s interactions with peers at social events, playdates, or group activities to detect possible problems such as aggression, disrespect, or negative peer influence. Take proactive steps to address these issues and maintain a positive and respectful environment.
Discussing Peer Pressure and Boundaries: Open talks with your child about peer pressure, the need to set boundaries, and making responsible decisions. Teach your child how to recognise and reject unwanted peer pressures, as well as how to handle tough social situations.
Set Clear Boundaries and Consequences
Establishing clear rules and expectations can provide structure and guidance for children. When rules are broken, it is important to consistently enforce consequences that reinforce the connection between actions and their outcomes. Fair and consistent discipline helps children understand the impact of their behaviour and encourages responsible decision-making.
Setting clear boundaries and consequences is an effective strategy for parents or guardians to address personality traits that may trigger criminal behaviour in children. By establishing and enforcing consistent boundaries and appropriate consequences, parents can guide children toward responsible and law-abiding behaviour.
Parents need to set clear rules and expectations for their children, while also explaining the reasons behind them and the impact of their behaviour on others. Consistency in enforcing these rules is crucial, as it reinforces accountability and demonstrates predictable outcomes. Consequences should be logical and appropriate for the child’s age and understanding level. Open communication is essential to create a comfortable environment for children to discuss rules, boundaries, and consequences. This helps children understand the reasoning behind rules and promotes compliance with expectations. If children consistently struggle with adhering to rules or exhibit persistent behavioural challenges, seeking professional guidance can provide additional support and intervention. This approach helps children develop a sense of accountability and self-regulation, reducing the likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour.
Conclusion
Criminal behaviour can be influenced by individual traits, genetics, social factors, and environmental factors. Individuals with impulsive, aggressive, or antisocial tendencies may be more likely to engage in criminal activities. Even though personality traits play, a significant role in influencing criminal behaviour not everyone with such traits becomes a criminal. Genetics may also increase the risk of criminal behaviour, but the relationship between genetics and criminal behaviour is complex. Social factors, such as growing up in impoverished or disadvantaged environments, can perpetuate inequality and discrimination, leading to a sense of hopelessness. Environmental factors, such as exposure to violence or trauma, can also contribute to criminal behaviour. Understanding these factors can provide valuable insights into criminal behaviour in children. While it is not possible to predict criminal behaviour based on a single personality trait, certain traits have been linked to a higher risk of criminal behaviour. Overall, understanding and addressing personality traits is crucial for preventing and addressing criminal behaviour.
Author’s Profile: Abdul-Salam Shaibu is an Investigator and Cybersecurity Practitioner. He had his professional training at the Detective Training Academy, Ghana Police Service, as well as a Professional Diploma in Database Management from IPMC. He holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Computer Engineering from Ghana Communication Technology University and a Master of Science in Digital Forensics and Cybersecurity from the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA). A certificate in Cybersecurity Investigations and Digital Forensics at the e-Crime Bureau, among other numerous courses and certifications. He is currently pursuing legal education in the United Kingdom. As a Businessman and an Entrepreneur, his research interests are in IT, Cybersecurity, Law, Risk Management, Security, and Criminal Psychology.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Ahloy, J., & Hamman, J. R. (2019). Personality Traits and Endogenous Group Formation. Revue Économique, 70(6), 999–1020. Retrieved on December 24, 2023 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26854737
Alper, J. S. (1995). Biological Influences On Criminal Behaviour: How Good Is The Evidence? Available Studies Have Their Limitations. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 310(6975), 272–273. Retrieved on December 24, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29726221
Bezdjian, S., Raine, A., Tuvblad, C., & Baker, L. A. (2011). The Genetic and Environmental Covariation Among Psychopathic Personality Traits, and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Childhood. Child Development, 82(4), 1267–1281. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41289841
Birt, J. (2023). What Are Personality Traits? (With Examples).Retrieved on December 21, 2023 from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/personal-traits
Burkland, A. (2017). Parental Attributes: Risk Factors to Criminal Behavior. Retrieved on January 13, 2024 from https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/bv73c2218
Caprara, G. V., Schwartz, S., Capanna, C., Vecchione, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2006). Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice. Political Psychology, 27(1), 1–28. Retrieved on December 24, 2023 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792381
Clinard, M. B. (1962). CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOCIOLOGY TO UNDERSTANDING DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR. The British Journal of Criminology, 3(2), 110–129. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23634844
Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., & Cummings, J.A. (2019). Introduction to Psychology: Personality Traits. Retrieved on January 03, 2024, from https://openpress.usask.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/personality-traits/
Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1970). CRIME AND PERSONALITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE THREE-FACTOR THEORY. The British Journal of Criminology, 10(3), 225–239. Retrieved on December 23. 2023 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23635921
Freeman, F. N. (1925). Tests of Personality Traits. The School Review, 33(2), 95–106. Retrieved on December 24, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1079042
Gask, L., Evans, M., & Kessler, D. (2013). Personality disorder. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 347(7924), 28–32. Retrieved on December 23, 2023 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23495781
GLUECK, S. (1956). THEORY AND FACT IN CRIMINOLOGY. The British Journal of Delinquency, 7(2), 92–109. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23640624s
Khan, I. A. (1992). Akbar’s Personality Traits and World Outlook: A Critical Reappraisal. Social Scientist, 20(9/10), 16–30. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.2307/3517713
Lee, C.M (2023). Criminal behaviour and contingency. Retrieved on January 21, 2024, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209619/full
Mckee, J.A. (2023). Criminal Behaviour | Definition. Retrieved on January 08, 2024, from https://docmckee.com/cj/docs-criminal-justice-glossary/criminal-behavior-definition/
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 31–35. Retrieved on December 23, 2023 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20183244
Reveal Personality Traits. (1956). The Science News-Letter, 70(4), 63–63. Retrieved on December 23, 2023 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3937355
Study: Personality Traits. (2009). The Science Teacher, 76(7), 14–15. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24144942
Soothill, J. F. (1995). Biological Influences on Criminal Behaviour. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 310(6990), 1332–1333. Retrieved on December 24, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29727358
Trasler, G. (1964). STRATEGIC PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR. The British Journal of Criminology, 4(5), 422–442. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23634723
Weinschenk, A. C., & Dawes, C. T. (2017). The Relationship between Genes, Personality Traits, and Political Interest. Political Research Quarterly, 70(3), 467–479. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26384917
West, D. J. (1988). PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRIMINOLOGY. The British Journal of Criminology, 28(2), 77–92. Retrieved on December 23, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23637373
